{"id":15727,"date":"2020-09-01T09:00:46","date_gmt":"2020-09-01T13:00:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/?p=15727"},"modified":"2020-08-31T18:54:38","modified_gmt":"2020-08-31T22:54:38","slug":"duke-vaccinations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/2020\/09\/01\/duke-vaccinations\/","title":{"rendered":"OUCH! : Over a Century of Getting Vaccinated at Duke"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Post contributed by Brooke Guthrie, Research Services Librarian<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>You may have noticed (and we really hope that you have) that campus life is a bit different in Fall 2020. We\u2019re all wearing masks, washing our hands, and obsessively monitoring our symptoms. We\u2019ve also spent at least a few minutes speculating on the many unknowns\u2014including the possibility of a coronavirus vaccine and how it might be distributed to the Duke community. The <a href=\"https:\/\/returnto.duke.edu\/the-duke-compact\/\">Duke Compact<\/a> asks students, staff, and faculty to pledge to \u201cGet the flu shot and other required vaccinations by designated deadlines.\u201d And that made us wonder about the history of vaccinations at Duke.<\/p>\n<p>You can learn a lot about Duke history from the <i>Duke Chronicle<\/i> and its predecessor, the <i>Trinity Chronicle<\/i>. Luckily for us, issues of the newspaper from 1905 to 2000 have been <a href=\"https:\/\/library.duke.edu\/digitalcollections\/dukechronicle\/\">digitized by Duke University Libraries<\/a> and can be fairly easily searched. Searching the newspaper reveals that campus-wide vaccination efforts are nothing new to Duke. Here are a few of the examples we found.<\/p>\n<p>We\u2019ll start by going way, way back to a time before Duke was called Duke. In 1914, during the Trinity College days, a vaccine against typhoid fever was offered to students, faculty, and their families. In addition to announcing the availability of the vaccine, the <a href=\"https:\/\/dukelibraries.contentdm.oclc.org\/digital\/collection\/p15957coll13\/id\/71411\"><i>Trinity Chronicle<\/i> published information<\/a> on the effectiveness and safety of the vaccine as well as the number of deaths caused by typhoid in the state (about 1,200 each year). The article ends by noting that the administration \u201cis anxious to see a large number of students avail themselves of the opportunity to obtain immunity from typhoid.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15730\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15730\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15730 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/files\/2020\/08\/chronicle-1914-oct.jpg\" alt=\"The front page of the October 7, 1914 Trinity College. The headline to the relevant article reads &quot;Typhoid Vaccine is Offered Trinity Men.&quot;\" width=\"500\" height=\"746\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/files\/2020\/08\/chronicle-1914-oct.jpg 500w, https:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/files\/2020\/08\/chronicle-1914-oct-201x300.jpg 201w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15730\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">October 7, 1914 front page of the Trinity Chronicle with article discussing typhoid vaccine. <a href=\"https:\/\/dukelibraries.contentdm.oclc.org\/digital\/collection\/p15957coll13\/id\/71411\">Read article.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A little over a decade later, in 1928, students were asked to get a smallpox vaccine. The <a href=\"https:\/\/dukelibraries.contentdm.oclc.org\/digital\/collection\/p15957coll13\/id\/73777\">very short announcement<\/a> suggests that vaccination is no big deal: \u201cthe nurse will give the vaccines in a few minutes, and it will all be over.\u201d Although noting that there were no serious cases on campus, the article says that six students were confined and lists their names. (Reporting campus illnesses and including the names of the ill was a fairly common practice back then.)<\/p>\n<p>Polio was perhaps one of the most troubling diseases in the mid-twentieth century and the widespread concern was justified. In 1948, the worst year for polio in North Carolina, 2,516 cases and 143 deaths were reported in the state. In October of 1950,<a href=\"https:\/\/dukelibraries.contentdm.oclc.org\/digital\/collection\/p15957coll13\/id\/64258\"> a Duke undergraduate named Daniel Rathbun died after contracting polio<\/a> and spending two weeks in an iron lung at Duke Hospital. When a polio vaccine became available in 1955, vaccination campaigns were held throughout the country. In October of 1956, <a href=\"https:\/\/library.duke.edu\/digitalcollections\/dukechronicle_dchnp38008\/\">the <i>Duke Chronicle<\/i> announced<\/a> that student health would offer the vaccine to all under 45 years old. For students, the vaccine cost $3.00. The article discusses what is known about the relatively new vaccine, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated, and notes that previously most college students were required to get vaccinated for typhoid fever (as if to say \u201cwhy should this be any different?\u201d).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15732\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15732\" style=\"width: 700px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15732 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/files\/2020\/08\/polio.jpg\" alt=\"October 12, 1956 Duke Chronicle article announcing polio vaccinations on campus. The headline reads &quot;For All Under 45: Student Health Will Offer Polio Vaccine.&quot;\" width=\"700\" height=\"1251\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/files\/2020\/08\/polio.jpg 700w, https:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/files\/2020\/08\/polio-168x300.jpg 168w, https:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/files\/2020\/08\/polio-573x1024.jpg 573w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15732\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">October 12, 1956 Duke Chronicle article announcing polio vaccinations on campus. <a href=\"https:\/\/library.duke.edu\/digitalcollections\/dukechronicle_dchnp38008\/\">Read article<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Efforts to vaccinate campus continued through the rest of the 20th century. In the mid-1970s, an outbreak of swine flu in the United States led to a nationwide vaccination drive. In November of 1976, <a href=\"https:\/\/dukelibraries.contentdm.oclc.org\/digital\/collection\/p15957coll13\/id\/57321\">Duke announced<\/a> that it had 5,000 shots available to students and staff. In the 1980s, measles was a cause for concern on campus. In March 1985, the <a href=\"https:\/\/library.duke.edu\/digitalcollections\/dukechronicle_dchnp26114_dchnp261140190\/\"><em>Chronicle<\/em> published a large notice<\/a> to let unvaccinated students know that \u201cYOU NEED TO BE VACCINATED NOW.\u201d A few years later in January 1989, <a href=\"https:\/\/dukelibraries.contentdm.oclc.org\/digital\/collection\/p15957coll13\/id\/44660\">a statewide outbreak spread to campus<\/a> and Duke quickly \u201cissued more stringent vaccination requirements\u201d for both students and staff. Soon after Duke issued the new requirements, <a href=\"https:\/\/dukelibraries.contentdm.oclc.org\/digital\/collection\/p15957coll13\/id\/44695\">all unvaccinated students and staff were excluded<\/a> from campus for two weeks. Staff were told to stay home. Students were barred from campus housing and had their Duke cards deactivated.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15733\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15733\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15733 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/files\/2020\/08\/measles.jpg\" alt=\"Notice published in the March 15, 1985 Duke Chronicle directing students to get the measles vaccine. The ad begins: &quot;Attention Upperclassmen and Graduate Students: Help Keep Measles Off Duke Campus.&quot;\" width=\"600\" height=\"944\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/files\/2020\/08\/measles.jpg 600w, https:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/files\/2020\/08\/measles-191x300.jpg 191w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15733\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Notice published in the March 15, 1985 Duke Chronicle directing students to get the measles vaccine.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Concerns around meningitis in 1987 brought similar calls for large scale vaccination after a small number of students were infected. <a href=\"https:\/\/dukelibraries.contentdm.oclc.org\/digital\/collection\/p15957coll13\/id\/38068\">The <em>Chronicle<\/em> reported<\/a> that mandatory vaccination was possible and, in March of 1987, <a href=\"https:\/\/dukelibraries.contentdm.oclc.org\/digital\/collection\/p15957coll13\/id\/38069\">thousands of students received a vaccine in a single day<\/a> as part of the administration\u2019s goal to distribute 6,000 doses.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15734\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15734\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15734 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/files\/2020\/08\/meningitis.jpg\" alt=\"Article on the front page of the March 6, 1987 Chronicle. The headline reads &quot;Thousands receive shots to stop meningitis threat.&quot; A black-and-white photo of students waiting in line for the vaccinations accompanies the article.\" width=\"800\" height=\"517\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/files\/2020\/08\/meningitis.jpg 800w, https:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/files\/2020\/08\/meningitis-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/files\/2020\/08\/meningitis-768x496.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15734\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coverage of the 1987 meningitis vaccine effort of campus. <a href=\"https:\/\/library.duke.edu\/digitalcollections\/dukechronicle_dchnp28114\/\">Read article<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>There are many other examples of vaccination efforts in Duke\u2019s history\u2014the campus-wide distribution of the annual flu vaccine is one we\u2019re all familiar with and, in 1999, students were encouraged to get a hepatitis B vaccine with <a href=\"https:\/\/dukelibraries.contentdm.oclc.org\/digital\/collection\/p15957coll13\/id\/111179\">a hip <em>Chronicle<\/em> advertisement<\/a> that said \u201cHepatitis B is a very uncool thing\u201d and the vaccine will keep you from \u201cturning an embarrassing shade of yellow.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>If you\u2019re interested in exploring this history more, try searching digitized issues of the <a href=\"https:\/\/library.duke.edu\/digitalcollections\/dukechronicle\/\"><em>Duke Chronicle<\/em><\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/ask\">get in touch<\/a> with our helpful staff. And, while we have your attention, make sure to get your flu vaccine this year!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Post contributed by Brooke Guthrie, Research Services Librarian. You may have noticed (and we really hope that you have) that campus life is a bit different in Fall 2020. We\u2019re all wearing masks, washing our hands, and obsessively monitoring our symptoms. We\u2019ve also spent at least a few minutes speculating on the many unknowns\u2014including the &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/2020\/09\/01\/duke-vaccinations\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">OUCH! : Over a Century of Getting Vaccinated at Duke<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":89,"featured_media":15737,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[34,551,11,83,53],"tags":[833,844,91,564,695,848],"coauthors":[652],"class_list":["post-15727","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-digital-collections","category-featured","category-from-our-collections","category-history-of-medicine","category-ua","tag-coronavirus","tag-duke-students","tag-duke-history","tag-history-of-medicine-2","tag-public-health","tag-vaccines"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>OUCH! : Over a Century of Getting Vaccinated at Duke - The Devil&#039;s Tale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/2020\/09\/01\/duke-vaccinations\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"OUCH! : Over a Century of Getting Vaccinated at Duke - The Devil&#039;s Tale\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Post contributed by Brooke Guthrie, Research Services Librarian. You may have noticed (and we really hope that you have) that campus life is a bit different in Fall 2020. We\u2019re all wearing masks, washing our hands, and obsessively monitoring our symptoms. We\u2019ve also spent at least a few minutes speculating on the many unknowns\u2014including the &hellip; Continue reading OUCH! : Over a Century of Getting Vaccinated at Duke &rarr;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/2020\/09\/01\/duke-vaccinations\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The Devil&#039;s Tale\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-09-01T13:00:46+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/rubenstein\/files\/2020\/08\/measles-feature.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1593\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"973\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Amy McDonald\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@rubensteinlib\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@rubensteinlib\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Amy McDonald\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/01\\\/duke-vaccinations\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/01\\\/duke-vaccinations\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Amy McDonald\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/9b80b2beaf2cea2b14866de548543f76\"},\"headline\":\"OUCH! : Over a Century of Getting Vaccinated at Duke\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-09-01T13:00:46+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/01\\\/duke-vaccinations\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":869,\"commentCount\":2,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/01\\\/duke-vaccinations\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/files\\\/2020\\\/08\\\/measles-feature.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"coronavirus\",\"Duke Students\",\"dukehistory\",\"history of medicine\",\"public health\",\"vaccines\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Digital Collections\",\"Featured\",\"From Our Collections\",\"History of Medicine\",\"University Archives\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/01\\\/duke-vaccinations\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/01\\\/duke-vaccinations\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/01\\\/duke-vaccinations\\\/\",\"name\":\"OUCH! : Over a Century of Getting Vaccinated at Duke - The Devil&#039;s Tale\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/01\\\/duke-vaccinations\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/01\\\/duke-vaccinations\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/files\\\/2020\\\/08\\\/measles-feature.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-09-01T13:00:46+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/9b80b2beaf2cea2b14866de548543f76\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/01\\\/duke-vaccinations\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/01\\\/duke-vaccinations\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/01\\\/duke-vaccinations\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/files\\\/2020\\\/08\\\/measles-feature.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.library.duke.edu\\\/rubenstein\\\/files\\\/2020\\\/08\\\/measles-feature.jpg\",\"width\":1593,\"height\":973,\"caption\":\"Part of a March 1985 ad from the Duke Chronicle. 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